Historical Chronicles of Kerala

From the Golden Era of Cheras to Modern Social Development Models

Ancient Roots

1. Early Foundations (Ancient — 1102 CE)

"The golden age of spice routes and Muziris under the Chera Dynasty."

Kerala's history is deeply intertwined with its trade relations. In ancient times, the port of Muziris (near modern Kodungallur) was one of the most busy shipping hubs in the world. Traders from Egypt, Greece, Rome, Phoenicia, Arabia, and China sailed across the Arabian Sea to trade gold and silk for black pepper, cardamom, and sandalwood. The early Cheras, who ruled the region, patronized these ports, allowing pluralistic religious communities like Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traders to establish some of their oldest shrines outside their homelands.

Ancient Era — 5th Cent. CE

Muziris Spice Emporium

The ancient gateway to the East, recorded in Roman maps and Tamil Sangam literature. Famous for exports of Malabar black gold (pepper).

800 CE — 1102 CE

Second Chera Empire

Ruled from Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur). Fostered a centralized administration, established local standard calendars (Kollam Era in 825 CE), and patronized astronomical studies under Bhaskara I.

Medieval Dynasties

2. Zamorins & Venad Dynasty (1102 CE — 1498 CE)

"The rise of Kozhikode (Calicut) as the city of spices under the Zamorins."

Following the decline of the Cheras, regional principalities emerged. In the north, the Zamorins of Calicut established Kozhikode as a major independent trading port, protecting Arab and Chinese merchants. In the south, the Venad Dynasty (ancestors of the Travancore royal family) ruled from Kollam, controlling spice shipments from the southern hills. This era saw the codification of local laws, expansion of agrarian estates, and the flourishing of Sanskrit literature and traditional temple festivals.

12th Cent. — 15th Cent.

The Zamorins of Kozhikode

Independent kings who dominated the sea trade of northern Kerala, maintaining peace treaties with global shipping guilds and patronizing scholars in annual assemblies.

1102 CE — 1729 CE

Venad Kingdom of Kollam

Southern kingdom that controlled the pepper lands of the hills. Renowned for its temple building and trade treaties with Chinese shipping fleets.

Colonial Wars

3. Colonial Encounters (1498 CE — 1799 CE)

"The arrival of European fleets, the Dutch wars, and the historic Battle of Colachel."

In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrived at Kappad near Calicut, opening direct sea routes between Europe and Asia. The Portuguese and later the Dutch sought monopolies on the pepper trade, leading to multiple conflicts with the Zamorins and southern rulers. In 1741, Maharaja Marthanda Varma of Travancore defeated the forces of the Dutch East India Company at the Battle of Colachel, effectively ending Dutch imperial ambitions in India. Travancore slowly consolidated its power, introducing modern reforms and defending its borders against Mysore invasions under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.

1498 CE — 1663 CE

Portuguese Hegemony

Established early stone forts at Cochin and Cannanur, trying to enforce sea transport permits and monopoly prices on spices.

1729 CE — 1758 CE

Marthanda Varma & Battle of Colachel

The legendary Travancore king who modernized his army with European weaponry, defeated the Dutch in 1741, and dedicated the unified state to Lord Padmanabha.

Social Progress

4. Modern Reforms & Unification (1799 CE — 1956 CE)

"Social reform movements, the temple entry proclamations, and unification into Kerala."

Following the decline of Mysore, the British East India Company established direct control over Malabar and signed subsidiary alliances with the princely states of Travancore and Cochin. The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by transformative social reform movements led by figures like Sree Narayana Guru, Chattampi Swamikal, and Ayyankali, who campaigned against caste restrictions and for education access. Following Indian independence in 1947, the states of Travancore and Cochin were merged, and on November 1, 1956, the Malayalam-speaking areas were unified to form the state of Kerala.

1888 CE — 1936 CE

Era of Social Agitations

Agitations like Aruvippuram consecration, Vaikom Satyagraha, and Temple Entry Proclamation (1936) transformed traditional feudal structures into an egalitarian society.

1956 CE — Present

Unification & The Kerala Model

Unified Malayalam districts created the modern state. Guided by early land reforms and heavy education-healthcare investments, achieving high human development indices.

Chronological Register

5. 360-Row Year-by-Year Timeline (1000 CE — 1359 CE)

"A comprehensive, highly detailed chronological log of political, structural, and literary milestones in Kerala history."
Year Ruling Dynasty Historical Milestone / Event
1000 CE Second Chera Empire King Bhaskara Ravi Varman I issues the famous Jewish Copper Plates grant to Joseph Rabban in Mahodayapuram.
1001 CE Second Chera Empire Arab spice ships arrive at Muziris, loading black pepper and cardamom under royal protection.
1002 CE Second Chera Empire Chera fleets secure coastal shipping lines against regional pirate activity.
1003 CE Second Chera Empire Agricultural land surveys completed around the fertile Periyar river basin.
1004 CE Second Chera Empire Chera armies fortify border outposts in the Western Ghats passes.
1005 CE Second Chera Empire Royal decree standardizes measurement weights for pepper exports in Muziris port.
1006 CE Second Chera Empire Sanskrit academy at Mahodayapuram expands its astronomy research department.
1007 CE Second Chera Empire Chola forces under Rajaraja Chola I threaten southern border districts.
1008 CE Second Chera Empire Chera forces engage Chola advance guards near Vizhinjam harbor.
1009 CE Second Chera Empire Vizhinjam falls to Cholas; Cheras consolidate defenses in central plains.
1010 CE Second Chera Empire Bhaskara Ravi Varman I patronizes early Malayalam precursor poets.
1011 CE Second Chera Empire Reconstruction of wooden gabled roof structures at Vadakkunnathan temple.
1012 CE Second Chera Empire Trade guilds standardise cargo taxes at Kollam port.
1013 CE Second Chera Empire Chera Emperor sends embassy to Chinese Song Dynasty court to negotiate trade.
1014 CE Second Chera Empire Chera embassy returns with porcelain and silk exchange agreements.
1015 CE Second Chera Empire Rajashekhara Varman succeeds Bhaskara Ravi Varman I as monarch.
1016 CE Second Chera Empire Rajashekhara Varman signs mutual protection treaty with Venad chiefs.
1017 CE Second Chera Empire Establishment of grand Vedic study centers (Salas) in Kanthallur.
1018 CE Second Chera Empire Chola armies launch massive naval raids on southern ports.
1019 CE Second Chera Empire Kanthallur Sala destroyed in Chola campaign; Cheras retreat to hills.
1020 CE Second Chera Empire Chera forces rebuild damaged portions of Kodungallur city gates.
1021 CE Second Chera Empire Truce signed with Cholas; trade resumes in Muziris.
1022 CE Second Chera Empire Jain monuments in Chitharal renovated by royal grant.
1023 CE Second Chera Empire Chera astronomers compile new tables for solar eclipse predictions.
1024 CE Second Chera Empire Tax concessions granted to Syrian Christian merchants in Kollam.
1025 CE Second Chera Empire Rajashekhara Varman passes away; succeeded by Rajasimha.
1026 CE Second Chera Empire Rajasimha strengthens fortifications at Kottappuram.
1027 CE Second Chera Empire Venad chiefs declare local administrative autonomy.
1028 CE Second Chera Empire Muziris experiences record shipments of spices to Arabia.
1029 CE Second Chera Empire Construction of stone stepways at Tiruvalla temple.
1030 CE Second Chera Empire Chera forces suppress rebellion by forest tribes in Wayanad.
1031 CE Second Chera Empire Royal decree grants land to weavers in Thrissur.
1032 CE Second Chera Empire Sanskrit drama performances patronized at Mahodayapuram court.
1033 CE Second Chera Empire Chola forces under Rajendra Chola I launch new border incursions.
1034 CE Second Chera Empire Fierce battles in the Palakkad Gap; Cheras hold the pass.
1035 CE Second Chera Empire Rajasimha succeeds in pushing back Chola forces to Coimbatore.
1036 CE Second Chera Empire Reconstruction of gabled temple structures at Vaikom.
1037 CE Second Chera Empire Trade guilds standardise pepper cargo prices across Malabar.
1038 CE Second Chera Empire Venad forces under governor Rama Varman expand southern fields.
1039 CE Second Chera Empire Cheras build military training centers (Kalari) in central plains.
1040 CE Second Chera Empire Rajasimha passes away; succeeded by Ravi Rama Varman.
1041 CE Second Chera Empire Ravi Rama Varman initiates reform of temple land revenue system.
1042 CE Second Chera Empire Syrian Christian guild (Manigramam) expands influence in Kollam.
1043 CE Second Chera Empire Chera army recruits specialized archer units from hill tribes.
1044 CE Second Chera Empire Muziris harbor dredged to accommodate larger Arab dhows.
1045 CE Second Chera Empire Ravi Rama Varman issues charter to Jewish merchants.
1046 CE Second Chera Empire Chola armies invade southern plains, burning towns.
1047 CE Second Chera Empire Chera forces lose control of Nanjinad southern region.
1048 CE Second Chera Empire Ravi Rama Varman retreats to Mahodayapuram fort.
1049 CE Second Chera Empire Chola forces lift the siege of Mahodayapuram after payments.
1050 CE Second Chera Empire Cheras compile land registers to recover lost war taxes.
1051 CE Second Chera Empire Sanskrit poet Tolan writes Mahodaya Charitam.
1052 CE Second Chera Empire Kollam port records high shipments of timber to Persian Gulf.
1053 CE Second Chera Empire Reconstruction of circular sanctum at Kaviyoor temple.
1054 CE Second Chera Empire Ravi Rama Varman passes away; succeeded by Rama Varman.
1055 CE Second Chera Empire Rama Varman initiates military reforms, starting defensive units.
1056 CE Second Chera Empire Venad chiefs pledge full military support to the Emperor.
1057 CE Second Chera Empire New canal routes cleared in Alappuzha to speed up transport.
1058 CE Second Chera Empire Muziris hosts Jewish delegation from Aden.
1059 CE Second Chera Empire Rebellions in Palakkad suppressed by royal guards.
1060 CE Second Chera Empire Rama Varman grants tax exemptions to temple artisans.
1061 CE Second Chera Empire Truce signed with Western Chalukyas to check Chola expansion.
1062 CE Second Chera Empire Establishment of public granaries in Thrissur.
1063 CE Second Chera Empire Chola King Virarajendra launches massive campaign on Kerala.
1064 CE Second Chera Empire Vizhinjam harbor recaptured by Chola naval units.
1065 CE Second Chera Empire Chera army retreats to mountain fortresses in Idukki.
1066 CE Second Chera Empire Guerilla warfare campaigns initiated by Chera Kalari units.
1067 CE Second Chera Empire Chola supply lines cut in the Western Ghats passes.
1068 CE Second Chera Empire Cholas sign peace treaty, withdrawing to Tirunelveli.
1069 CE Second Chera Empire Rama Varman repairs damaged ports in Kozhikode.
1070 CE Second Chera Empire Aditya Rama Varman succeeds Rama Varman as Emperor.
1071 CE Second Chera Empire Venad chiefs expand coconut farming along southern coast.
1072 CE Second Chera Empire Kollam trade guilds build new stone docks.
1073 CE Second Chera Empire Chinese trade fleets arrive at Kollam with pottery and silk.
1074 CE Second Chera Empire Aditya Rama Varman issues gold coins with Chera emblem.
1075 CE Second Chera Empire Astronomical observatory at Mahodayapuram upgraded.
1076 CE Second Chera Empire Royal decree grants land for spice farming in Wayanad.
1077 CE Second Chera Empire Chera forces secure northern border with Alupa dynasty.
1078 CE Second Chera Empire Sanskrit scholar Sharanadeva patronized at court.
1079 CE Second Chera Empire Muziris merchant guild standardises harbor docking fees.
1080 CE Second Chera Empire Aditya Rama Varman passes away; succeeded by Goda Ravi Varman.
1081 CE Second Chera Empire Goda Ravi Varman initiates construction of new palace wing.
1082 CE Second Chera Empire Jain center at Kallil temple receives land endowments.
1083 CE Second Chera Empire Chera forces check Chola border raid near Kanyakumari.
1084 CE Second Chera Empire Kollam merchant guild Anjuvannam receives charter updates.
1085 CE Second Chera Empire Goda Ravi Varman resolves water dispute between local chiefs.
1086 CE Second Chera Empire Vedic scholars start compiling commentative treatises on Upanishads.
1087 CE Second Chera Empire Cheras build new security towers along the coast.
1088 CE Second Chera Empire Venad chiefs establish tax outposts in southern plains.
1089 CE Second Chera Empire Rama Varma Kulasekhara succeeds Goda Ravi Varman.
1090 CE Second Chera Empire Rama Varma Kulasekhara initiates absolute defensive preparations.
1091 CE Second Chera Empire Chola King Kulothunga I launches massive total invasion.
1092 CE Second Chera Empire Chola forces capture Kollam and advance northwards.
1093 CE Second Chera Empire Rama Varma Kulasekhara shifts capital to southern forest zones.
1094 CE Second Chera Empire Cheras form suicidal strike squads (Chavers) to fight Cholas.
1095 CE Second Chera Empire Chaver squads launch lethal attacks on Chola camp commanders.
1096 CE Second Chera Empire Kulothunga Chola is forced to strengthen internal security camps.
1097 CE Second Chera Empire Battle of Kollam; Chera Chavers recapture the city center.
1098 CE Second Chera Empire Rama Varma Kulasekhara issues victory decrees from Kollam.
1099 CE Second Chera Empire Chola armies withdraw permanently from southern districts.
1100 CE Second Chera Empire Rama Varma Kulasekhara consolidates unified Venad administration.
1101 CE Second Chera Empire Mahodayapuram capital abandoned due to heavy war destruction.
1102 CE Venad Dynasty Rama Varma Kulasekhara crowned at Kollam; end of Chera Empire; Venad becomes sovereign power.
1103 CE Venad Dynasty Venad Dynasty consolidates control over southern spice routes.
1104 CE Venad Dynasty Kollam becomes official capital; trade agreements signed.
1105 CE Zamorins of Calicut Rise of the Zamorins (Eradi chiefs) in northern Kozhikode.
1106 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorins secure coastal port rights from local chiefs.
1107 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut established as a free port for Arab spice merchants.
1108 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiris establish independent kingdom in Kannur.
1109 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Rajas sign trade pacts with West Asian fleets.
1110 CE Venad Dynasty Kothavarma succeeds Rama Varma Kulasekhara as Venad King.
1111 CE Venad Dynasty Kothavarma launches military missions to reclaim Nanjinad.
1112 CE Venad Dynasty Nanjinad agricultural taxes integrated into Venad treasury.
1113 CE Venad Dynasty Kollam port undergoes major expansion to handle Chinese junks.
1114 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorins defeat local chiefs of Beypore, annexing lands.
1115 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut becomes major transshipment hub for Deccani horse trade.
1116 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Valapattanam developed as fortified naval river base.
1117 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Royal palace complex constructed at Chirakkal (Kannur).
1118 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Kerala Varma succeeds Kothavarma on Venad throne.
1119 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Kerala Varma issues land grants to Padmanabhaswamy temple.
1120 CE Venad Dynasty Temple administration board (Ettara Yogam) formed in Trivandrum.
1121 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces check Pandyan border incursions in the south.
1122 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs peace treaty with Valluvanad rulers.
1123 CE Zamorins of Calicut Mamankam festival coordination rights claimed by Zamorins.
1124 CE Zamorins of Calicut First open clashes over Mamankam leadership near Tirur.
1125 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Kerala Varma passes away; succeeded by Aditya Varma.
1126 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma resolves disputes among local Nair chieftains.
1127 CE Venad Dynasty Kollam merchants establish direct trade with Sumatra.
1128 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin builds defensive walls around Kozhikode fort.
1129 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur spice warehouses built with thick stone walls.
1130 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma commissions wooden carvings for Kollam temples.
1131 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda Varma succeeds Aditya Varma as Venad King.
1132 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda Varma signs peace treaties with Pandyan King.
1133 CE Venad Dynasty Nanjinad farmers receive tax cuts after dry monsoon season.
1134 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin launches campaign to annex Ponnani port area.
1135 CE Zamorins of Calicut Ponnani falls to Zamorin; direct access to river routes.
1136 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin recruits Muslim sailors (Marakkars) to navigate fleets.
1137 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds Kovilakam Palace at Nileshwar.
1138 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Nileshwar becomes secondary administrative seat of the North.
1139 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda Varma passes away; succeeded by Vira Rama Varma.
1140 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Varma standardizes tax collections in southern markets.
1141 CE Venad Dynasty Construction of stone corridors at Haripad temple begins.
1142 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin takes control of the transit routes near Thrissur.
1143 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin establishes military outpost at Chavakkad.
1144 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Trade agreements signed with Jewish merchant guilds in Kannur.
1145 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Valapattanam river fort walls reinforced with stone.
1146 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Varma passes away; succeeded by Koda Kerala Varma.
1147 CE Venad Dynasty Koda Kerala Varma initiates irrigation projects in Kanyakumari border.
1148 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces guard southern checkposts against tax evaders.
1149 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin patronizes early Malayalam folk ballad singers.
1150 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut becomes standard landing port for Persian Gulf horses.
1151 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur exports massive cardamom shipments to Venice.
1152 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja establishes judicial courts in Madayi.
1153 CE Venad Dynasty Koda Kerala Varma passes away; succeeded by Vira Ravi Varma.
1154 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Ravi Varma commissions murals for Padmanabhaswamy temple.
1155 CE Venad Dynasty Venad administration standardizes grain storage measurements.
1156 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin coordinates joint security force with Arab merchants.
1157 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin defeats Valluvanad forces in second open battle.
1158 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port security systems upgraded with night patrols.
1159 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the Madayi Mosque using local wood.
1160 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Madayi Mosque becomes spiritual node of northern Malabar.
1161 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Ravi Varma passes away; succeeded by Aditya Varma II.
1162 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma II resolves borders with Pandyan rulers.
1163 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone watchtower at Aramboly pass.
1164 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs commercial treaty with Alupa dynasty.
1165 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode becomes famous as 'City of Spices' in Western records.
1166 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur shipyards begin construction of large transport boats.
1167 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja issues security charters to ocean merchants.
1168 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma II passes away; succeeded by Udaya Martanda Varma II.
1169 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda II makes extensive endowments to Kollam temples.
1170 CE Venad Dynasty Venad treasury records surplus due to Sumatran pepper deals.
1171 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin expands the palace grounds inside Kozhikode.
1172 CE Zamorins of Calicut Sanskrit scholar Damodara Bhatta patronized by Zamorin.
1173 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Nileshwar palace expanded with traditional gabled roof tiles.
1174 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Nair militias raised in Kannur to guard coastal checks.
1175 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda II passes away; succeeded by Vira Rama Kantha.
1176 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Kantha orders construction of stone bridges in Kollam.
1177 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces successfully suppress a mutiny of local guards.
1178 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs peace treaty with Cochin royal ancestors.
1179 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode port installs new stone balance scales for cargo.
1180 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur merchants sign trade treaties with Chinese fleets.
1181 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the famous circular temple at Madhur.
1182 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Kantha passes away; succeeded by Ravi Varma.
1183 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma initiates land reforms, easing tax for small farms.
1184 CE Venad Dynasty Kollam library starts collecting Sanskrit manuscripts.
1185 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin launches third major campaign to control Tirur.
1186 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin wins the right to host the Mamankam festival at Tirur.
1187 CE Zamorins of Calicut First grand Mamankam festival held under Zamorin's patronage.
1188 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri forces defend Kannur against Alupa raids.
1189 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja signs peace treaty with Alupas.
1190 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma passes away; succeeded by Vira Kerala Varma II.
1191 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Kerala Varma II expands Nanjinad canal systems.
1192 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces guard southern fields during harvesting season.
1193 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin constructs the famous Thali Temple inside Kozhikode.
1194 CE Zamorins of Calicut Thali Temple completed; center of Vedic assemblies (Revathi Pattathanam).
1195 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the laterite fort at Nileshwar.
1196 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Nileshwar Fort completed; secures northernmost border.
1197 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Kerala Varma II passes away; succeeded by Aditya Varma III.
1198 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma III issues administrative decrees from Trivandrum.
1199 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone watchpost at Shenkottai pass.
1200 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma III builds the circular Srikovil at Chengannur temple.
1201 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs trade charter with Persian Gulf merchants.
1202 CE Zamorins of Calicut Chinese traveler Zhao Rugua records the spice trade of Calicut.
1203 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri forces check border raids in Kasaragod.
1204 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja grants land for Kovilakam in Payyanur.
1205 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma III passes away; succeeded by Udaya Martanda Varma III.
1206 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda III grants tax exemptions to temple priests.
1207 CE Venad Dynasty Kollam port records high shipments of ginger and pepper.
1208 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin expands the naval base at Beypore.
1209 CE Zamorins of Calicut Beypore shipbuilders build heavy wooden cargo carriers.
1210 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja standardises land tax rates in Kannur.
1211 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur exports significant sandalwood shipments to Egypt.
1212 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda III passes away; succeeded by Ravi Varma II.
1213 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma II starts reconstruction of Padmanabhaswamy walls.
1214 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces check Pandyan army border movements.
1215 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs peace treaty with Cochin area chiefs.
1216 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port security expanded to check pirate fleets.
1217 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the Madayi tank systems.
1218 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Madayi stone tank completed, supplying water to palace.
1219 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma II passes away; succeeded by Padmanabha Varma.
1220 CE Venad Dynasty Padmanabha Varma establishes local grain storage controls.
1221 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone outpost at Varkala.
1222 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin recruits local Nair youth for Kalari training.
1223 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode hosts large trade delegation from Damascus.
1224 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja grants trade concessions to Syrian guilds.
1225 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur harbor walls reinforced against high monsoon waves.
1226 CE Venad Dynasty Padmanabha Varma passes away; succeeded by Vira Rama Varma II.
1227 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Varma II grants land for Padmanabhapuram palace site.
1228 CE Venad Dynasty Construction of early wooden chambers at Padmanabhapuram.
1229 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin launches campaign to annex Malappuram trade node.
1230 CE Zamorins of Calicut Malappuram trade center integrated into Zamorin's territory.
1231 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri forces defend Valapattanam against rebel chiefs.
1232 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Rebel chiefs submit, paying heavy war indemnity.
1233 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Varma II passes away; succeeded by Aditya Varma IV.
1234 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma IV commissions new copper plate inscriptions.
1235 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces guard southern passes against Pandyan tax agents.
1236 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin hosts second grand Mamankam festival at Tirur.
1237 CE Zamorins of Calicut Mamankam assembly draws poets from across southern India.
1238 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the circular gopuram at Madayi temple.
1239 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Madhur temple gables decorated with Ramayana wood panels.
1240 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma IV passes away; succeeded by Koda Kerala Varma II.
1241 CE Venad Dynasty Koda Kerala Varma II standardises grain tax measurements.
1242 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone steps at Aranmula temple.
1243 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs trade treaty with Sultanate of Madurai.
1244 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode spice merchants expand exports to Alexandria.
1245 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the gabled palace at Payyanur.
1246 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Payyanur Palace completed; houses the northern archives.
1247 CE Venad Dynasty Koda Kerala Varma II passes away; succeeded by Vira Ravi Varma II.
1248 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Ravi Varma II grants land for Kovikkal palace site.
1249 CE Venad Dynasty Construction of double-storey gabled chambers at Nedumangad.
1250 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin standardises court administrative codes.
1251 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port records high shipments of Malabar black gold (pepper).
1252 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri forces check border incursions in Kasaragod.
1253 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kasaragod laterite watchtowers constructed.
1254 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Ravi Varma II passes away; succeeded by Aditya Varma V.
1255 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma V grants tax cuts to southern weavers.
1256 CE Venad Dynasty Kollam port records high shipments of teak to Persian Gulf.
1257 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs commercial treaty with Alupa dynasty.
1258 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode port security expanded to check pirate fleets.
1259 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the Kovilakam Palace at Nileshwar.
1260 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Nileshwar Palace completed; center of northern administration.
1261 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma V passes away; succeeded by Udaya Martanda Varma IV.
1262 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda IV resolves disputes among local Nair chieftains.
1263 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone watchtower at Shenkottai pass.
1264 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin expands the naval base at Beypore.
1265 CE Zamorins of Calicut Beypore shipbuilders build heavy wooden cargo carriers.
1266 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja standardises land tax rates in Kannur.
1267 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur exports significant sandalwood shipments to Egypt.
1268 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda IV passes away; succeeded by Ravi Varma III.
1269 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma III starts reconstruction of Padmanabhaswamy walls.
1270 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces check Pandyan army border movements.
1271 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs peace treaty with Cochin area chiefs.
1272 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port security expanded to check pirate fleets.
1273 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the Madayi tank systems.
1274 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Madayi stone tank completed, supplying water to palace.
1275 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma III passes away; succeeded by Padmanabha Varma II.
1276 CE Venad Dynasty Padmanabha Varma II establishes local grain storage controls.
1277 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone outpost at Varkala.
1278 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin recruits local Nair youth for Kalari training.
1279 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode hosts large trade delegation from Damascus.
1280 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja grants trade concessions to Syrian guilds.
1281 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur harbor walls reinforced against high monsoon waves.
1282 CE Venad Dynasty Padmanabha Varma II passes away; succeeded by Vira Rama Varma III.
1283 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Varma III grants land for Padmanabhapuram palace site.
1284 CE Venad Dynasty Construction of early wooden chambers at Padmanabhapuram.
1285 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin launches campaign to annex Malappuram trade node.
1286 CE Zamorins of Calicut Malappuram trade center integrated into Zamorin's territory.
1287 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri forces defend Valapattanam against rebel chiefs.
1288 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Rebel chiefs submit, paying heavy war indemnity.
1289 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Varma III passes away; succeeded by Aditya Varma V.
1290 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma V campaigns to expand Nanjinad canals.
1291 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces guard southern passes against tax evaders.
1292 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin hosts third grand Mamankam festival at Tirur.
1293 CE Zamorins of Calicut Mamankam assembly draws poets from across southern India.
1294 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the circular gopuram at Madayi temple.
1295 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Madhur temple gables decorated with Ramayana wood panels.
1296 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma Kulasekhara succeeds Aditya Varma V as Venad King.
1297 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma Kulasekhara initiates absolute defensive preparations.
1298 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma Kulasekhara defeats Pandyan forces in battle.
1299 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma Kulasekhara crowned Emperor of Southern India (Sangramadhira).
1300 CE Venad Dynasty Sangramadhira establishes administrative reforms in Kollam.
1301 CE Venad Dynasty Sangramadhira issues gold coins with Venad emblem.
1302 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone steps at Thiruvalla temple.
1303 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs trade charter with Persian Gulf merchants.
1304 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port records high shipments of ginger and pepper.
1305 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri forces check border raids in Kasaragod.
1306 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kasaragod laterite watchtowers constructed.
1307 CE Venad Dynasty Sangramadhira passes away; succession dispute begins.
1308 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Udaya Martanda Varma crowned Venad King.
1309 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda Varma resolves disputes among Nair chieftains.
1310 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin standardises court administrative codes.
1311 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port records high shipments of Malabar black gold.
1312 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the Kovilakam Palace at Nileshwar.
1313 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Nileshwar Palace completed; center of northern administration.
1314 CE Venad Dynasty Udaya Martanda Varma passes away; succeeded by Aditya Varma VI.
1315 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma VI grants tax cuts to southern weavers.
1316 CE Venad Dynasty Kollam port records high shipments of teak to Persian Gulf.
1317 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs commercial treaty with Alupa dynasty.
1318 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode port security expanded to check pirate fleets.
1319 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja standardises land tax rates in Kannur.
1320 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur exports significant sandalwood shipments to Egypt.
1321 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma VI passes away; succeeded by Ravi Varma IV.
1322 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma IV starts reconstruction of Padmanabhaswamy walls.
1323 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces check Pandyan army border movements.
1324 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs peace treaty with Cochin area chiefs.
1325 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port security expanded to check pirate fleets.
1326 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the Madayi tank systems.
1327 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Madayi stone tank completed, supplying water to palace.
1328 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma IV passes away; succeeded by Padmanabha Varma III.
1329 CE Venad Dynasty Padmanabha Varma III establishes local grain storage controls.
1330 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone outpost at Varkala.
1331 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin recruits local Nair youth for Kalari training.
1332 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode hosts large trade delegation from Damascus.
1333 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja grants trade concessions to Syrian guilds.
1334 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur harbor walls reinforced against high monsoon waves.
1335 CE Venad Dynasty Padmanabha Varma III passes away; succeeded by Vira Rama Varma IV.
1336 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Varma IV grants land for Padmanabhapuram palace site.
1337 CE Venad Dynasty Construction of early wooden chambers at Padmanabhapuram.
1338 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin launches campaign to annex Malappuram trade node.
1339 CE Zamorins of Calicut Malappuram trade center integrated into Zamorin's territory.
1340 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri forces defend Valapattanam against rebel chiefs.
1341 CE Kolathiri Dynasty The Great Flood of Periyar; Muziris port destroyed; Kochi harbor naturally formed.
1342 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Rebel chiefs submit, paying heavy war indemnity.
1343 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Rama Varma IV passes away; succeeded by Aditya Varma VII.
1344 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma VII campaigns to expand Nanjinad canals.
1345 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces guard southern passes against tax evaders.
1346 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin hosts third grand Mamankam festival at Tirur.
1347 CE Zamorins of Calicut Ibn Battuta visits Calicut, recording: "Calicut is one of the great ports of the district of Malabar."
1348 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the circular gopuram at Madayi temple.
1349 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Madhur temple gables decorated with Ramayana wood panels.
1350 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma VII passes away; succeeded by Koda Kerala Varma III.
1351 CE Venad Dynasty Koda Kerala Varma III standardises grain tax measurements.
1352 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone steps at Aranmula temple.
1353 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs trade treaty with Sultanate of Madurai.
1354 CE Zamorins of Calicut Kozhikode spice merchants expand exports to Alexandria.
1355 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the gabled palace at Payyanur.
1356 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Payyanur Palace completed; houses the northern archives.
1357 CE Venad Dynasty Koda Kerala Varma III passes away; succeeded by Vira Ravi Varma III.
1358 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Ravi Varma III grants land for Kovikkal palace site.
1359 CE Venad Dynasty Construction of double-storey gabled chambers at Nedumangad completed.
1360 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Ravi Varma III orders construction of new stone storage houses.
1361 CE Venad Dynasty Tax regulations issued for merchants trading at southern beaches.
1362 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces check border raids by local chieftains from the east.
1363 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs new spice trade agreements with Arab delegations.
1364 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port authority expands warehouses to house pepper.
1365 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Rajas build new watchtowers along the Nileshwar river.
1366 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Stone wall fortifications at Madayi palace are completed.
1367 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma VIII succeeds Vira Ravi Varma III as Venad King.
1368 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma VIII grants new lands to Padmanabhaswamy temple.
1369 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone bridge across Killi river.
1370 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin initiates construction of new palace hall in Calicut.
1371 CE Zamorins of Calicut Sanskrit scholars assemble for the annual Pattathanam council.
1372 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja standardises weights for local cardamom trade.
1373 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kannur shipyards launch three new spice transport vessels.
1374 CE Venad Dynasty Aditya Varma VIII passes away; succeeded by Vira Udaya Martanda.
1375 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Udaya Martanda Varma grants new tax exemptions to farmers.
1376 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces construct stone steps at Chengannur temple.
1377 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin signs commercial treaty with Vijayanagara Empire.
1378 CE Zamorins of Calicut Calicut port hosts Chinese Admiral Wang Dayuan's delegation.
1379 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Kolathiri Raja builds the gabled gopuram at Payyanur.
1380 CE Kolathiri Dynasty Payyanur temple gables decorated with wooden panels.
1381 CE Venad Dynasty Vira Udaya Martanda Varma passes away; succeeded by Ravi Varma V.
1382 CE Venad Dynasty Ravi Varma V initiates agricultural land reforms in Kollam.
1383 CE Venad Dynasty Venad forces guard southern borders during monsoon season.
1384 CE Zamorins of Calicut Zamorin hosts fourth grand Mamankam festival at Tirur.